A-Level Classical Studies — Foundations

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Polis

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The ancient Greek city-state, serving as the fundamental political unit of the Hellenic world. It typically consisted of an urban center (asty) and surrounding countryside (chora). Athens and Sparta are the most famous examples.

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Xenia

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The ancient Greek concept of hospitality and guest-friendship. It dictated the proper customs of host-guest relationships, often involving gift-giving and protection, central to Homeric society.

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Agora

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A central public space in ancient Greek city-states. It functioned as a marketplace and a gathering place for political, social, and religious activities.

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Augustus

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The founder of the Roman Principate and the first Roman Emperor (27 BCE – 14 AD). Originally named Octavian, he established the constitutional settlements that restored order after civil war.

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Princeps

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Latin for 'first citizen.' The title adopted by Augustus to maintain the facade of the Roman Republic while holding supreme monarchical power.