A-Level Hinduism - Core Concepts & Definitions

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Dharma

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A central concept meaning 'duty', 'law', 'ethics', or 'religion'. It refers to the moral order that sustains the universe, society, and the individual. For Hindus, following one's dharma is essential for maintaining cosmic and social harmony (Rita).

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Varnashramadharma

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The combination of Varna (class duties based on the four social categories: Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra) and Ashrama (stages of life: Student, Householder, Retiree, Renunciant). It provides a structured framework for an individual's duties throughout their life.

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Artha and Kama

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Two of the four Purusharthas (goals of life). **Artha** refers to material prosperity and economic security. **Kama** refers to pleasure, love, and psychological satisfaction. While legitimate, they are subordinate to Dharma and ultimately serve Moksha.

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Svadharma

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Individual or personal duty. It is the specific obligation a person has based on their varna (class), ashrama (stage of life), family role, and personal capacity. It emphasizes that one's duty is unique to their specific circumstances.

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Samsara

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The continuous cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. Souls (jivas) transmigrate through various bodies based on their karma. The goal of Hindu spiritual life is to achieve liberation (moksha) from this cycle.