A-Level IT: Data, Systems, and Security

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Data vs. Information

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**Data** consists of raw facts and figures without context (e.g., 25, 12, 90). **Information** is data that has been processed, organized, or structured to provide context and meaning (e.g., Student Age: 25, 12, 90).

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Direct and Indirect Data Sources

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**Direct data** is collected first-hand specifically for the task, often via questionnaires or sensors. **Indirect data** is collected from existing sources (secondary data), such as census data or journals, originally gathered for a different purpose.

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Quality of Information Factors

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Information quality is determined by its **accuracy** (correctness), **relevance** (suitability for the user's needs), **age** (currency), **level of detail** (granularity), and **completeness** (having all necessary parts).

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Verification vs. Validation

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**Verification** ensures data is entered correctly (detects transcription errors), often performed by double-entry or visual checks. **Validation** ensures data is sensible and follows specific logical rules (e.g., range checks, presence checks) before processing.

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Batch Processing

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A processing method where data is collected over a period and processed all at once. It is non-interactive and efficient for large volumes, such as payroll systems or daily bank clearing.