AP Biology - Foundational Concepts

Front

What is a hypothesis?

Back

A testable prediction about the relationship between variables that can be supported or rejected through experimentation. It must be falsifiable and specific enough to be tested using the scientific method.

Front

What property of water allows it to dissolve many substances?

Back

Water's polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds make it an excellent solvent. The partial positive charge on hydrogen and partial negative charge on oxygen attract and surround polar and ionic compounds.

Front

What are the four major categories of biological macromolecules?

Back

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These are the building blocks of life, each composed of specific monomers (except lipids) and serving distinct cellular functions.

Front

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in cells?

Back

Carbohydrates primarily serve as a quick source of energy and provide structural support (such as cellulose in plant cell walls). Simple sugars like glucose are broken down to release usable energy (ATP).

Front

What characteristic makes lipids hydrophobic?

Back

Lipids are nonpolar molecules with long hydrocarbon chains or rings that do not interact with polar water molecules. This hydrophobic nature allows them to form cell membranes and store energy efficiently.