AP CSA - Control Structures & Logic

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Short-Circuit Evaluation

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The process where the result of a logical AND (&&) or OR (||) operation is determined without evaluating both operands. In (A && B), if A is false, B is not evaluated. In (A || B), if A is true, B is not evaluated.

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De Morgan's Laws

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Rules used to simplify complex Boolean expressions. They state that !(A && B) is equivalent to !A || !B, and !(A || B) is equivalent to !A && !B. Useful for negating if conditions.

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Precedence of Logical Operators

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The order in which logical operators are evaluated: NOT (!) has the highest precedence, followed by AND (&&), and then OR (||). Parentheses () should always be used to ensure the intended order of operations.

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Compound Boolean Expressions

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Expressions that combine multiple Boolean values using logical operators. Example: (x > 0 && x < 10) checks if x is between 0 and 10.

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Relational Operators

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Operators that compare two values and return a boolean result. They include == (equal to), != (not equal to), < (less than), > (greater than), <= (less than or equal to), and >= (greater than or equal to).