AP CSP - Computing Innovations & Data

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Computing Innovation Definition

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A computing innovation includes a program as an integral part of its function. It can be physical (e.g., self-driving cars), non-physical software (e.g., apps), or non-physical concepts (e.g., e-commerce).

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Data vs. Information

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Data are raw values collected without context. Information is data that has been processed, organized, or structured to provide context and meaning, allowing for the extraction of patterns and trends.

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Correlation vs. Causation

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Correlation indicates a relationship or pattern between two variables (e.g., ice cream sales and sunburns). Causation implies that one variable directly causes the other. Correlation does not imply causation.

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Lossless Data Compression

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A method of reducing data size (bits) without losing any information. The original data can be restored completely. Best used for text files and code where accuracy is critical. Examples: ZIP, PNG.

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Lossy Data Compression

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A method of reducing data size by eliminating some information, usually data that is least noticed by humans. The original cannot be perfectly restored. Best used for multimedia (images, audio, video) to save bandwidth. Examples: JPEG, MP3.