High-level analysis of complex issues, logical fallacies, argument deconstruction, and sophisticated rhetorical strategies for the GRE Analytical Writing section.
20 cards
Front
Heuristic: The Principle of Charity
Back
In argument analysis, interpreting the author's argument in the strongest possible form before critiquing it. This avoids attacking a 'straw man' and demonstrates sophisticated critical thinking by addressing the most logical version of the opposing view rather than distorting it.
Front
Logical Fallacy: Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
Back
A causal fallacy assuming that because Event Y followed Event X, Event X must have caused Event Y. In GRE Issue essays, this is the error of confusing correlation or temporal sequence with causation. Rebuttal requires identifying intervening variables or coincidence.
Front
Concept: False Dilemma (Bifurcation)
Back
A rhetorical strategy that reduces a complex spectrum of choices to two mutually exclusive options (usually extremes). In argument analysis, identifying this reveals oversimplification. A strong response expands the discourse to include middle grounds or alternative solutions not presented.
Front
Concept: Ethos, Pathos, and Logos
Back
Aristotle's three modes of persuasion: Ethos (credibility of the speaker), Pathos (emotional connection), and Logos (logical argument). High-scoring GRE essays prioritize Logos but may acknowledge how Ethos and Pathos influence the audience's reception of an argument.
Front
Concept: Confirmation Bias
Back
The tendency to search for, interpret, and recall information in a way that confirms one's pre-existing beliefs. In writing, this manifests as stacking examples that agree with the thesis while ignoring contradictory evidence. A superior essay anticipates and refutes counter-arguments.
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