Advanced flashcards focusing on HL Extension (Global Interactions) and complex physical processes. Ideal for Paper 3 and high-mark Paper 1 questions requiring synthesis and evaluation.
20 cards
Front
Define the 'shrinking world' concept through the Time-Space Convergence model.
Back
Time-space convergence refers to the rate at which places move closer together in travel or communication time. It is calculated using the formula: (T2 - T1) / (Years), where T is travel time. High friction locations (e.g., remote terrains) resist this convergence, characterized by steep curves on a distance-time graph.
Front
Analyse the role of 'offshoring' versus 'outsourcing' in economic globalisation.
Back
While often conflated, **outsourcing** is contracting a third party (domestic or foreign) to perform specific services, whereas **offshoring** specifically relocates a business process to another country. In global economics, offshoring is driven by wage arbitrage and regulatory differentials (tax havens), fundamentally shifting the spatial division of labor from national to global scales.
Front
Explain how the Core-Periphery model applies to 'Global Interactions' at a supra-national scale.
Back
In the HL extension, the world is viewed as a system where the **Core** (Global North/ Triad: NA, EU, Japan) dominates innovation and high-value services. The **Periphery** provides low-cost labor and raw materials. Interactions are characterized by 'cumulative causation' where the core attracts wealth, and 'spread effects' which theoretically benefit the periphery but often reinforce dependency (e.g., Neo-colonialism).
Front
Evaluate the impact of 'Civil Society' on global governance.
Back
Civil society (NGOs, charities, social movements) acts as a watchdog and advocacy group within global governance. Unlike TNCs or states, they lack direct coercive power but utilize 'soft power' (media campaigns, lobbying) to frame agendas (e.g., Greenpeace on climate). Their effectiveness is often limited by the 'democratic deficit' in international organizations like the WTO.
Front
Discuss 'cultural hybridity' versus 'cultural homogenization' in the context of globalisation.
Back
While homogenization (Westernization/Americanization) suggests global dominance by one culture, **hybridity** (glocalization) argues that global culture is adapted and mixed with local traditions. For example, 'Bollywood' incorporates Western film structures but retains Indian musical traditions. This results in a complex 'global layering' of cultures rather than a uniform monoculture.
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