Medium-difficulty flashcards covering key concepts, definitions, and case study applications for the IBDP Geography Core theme on Global Change (Population, Climate, Resources).
20 cards
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Demographic Dividend
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The economic growth potential that results from a shift in a population's age structure, primarily when the working-age population (15-64) grows larger than the dependent population (youth and elderly). This window boosts GDP per capita if the labor force is employed productively.
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Dependency Ratio
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A measure showing the number of dependents (aged 0-14 and over 65) compared to the total working-age population (15-64). A high ratio indicates greater economic pressure on the productive workforce to provide social services.
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Youth Bulge
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A demographic structure where a large share of a country's population is aged 15-24. While offering a potential workforce dividend, it can also instability if employment opportunities are insufficient, leading to social unrest or increased migration rates.
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Pro-natalist Policy
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Government strategies aimed at encouraging increased birth rates to address aging populations and labor shortages. Examples include cash bonuses (e.g., Singapore's 'Baby Bonus'), subsidized childcare, and extended parental leave.
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Anti-natalist Policy
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Government policies implemented to reduce fertility rates and control population growth. A classic example is China's Former One Child Policy (1979-2015), which used fines and incentives to limit family size, resulting in significant demographic skewing.
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