IBDP History HL - Historiographical Concepts & Arguments

Front

The role of the 'Intentionalist' school of thought

Back

Argues that historical events (e.g., the Holocaust) are the direct result of the clear intent and decisions of specific leaders (e.g., Hitler). It emphasizes the agency of the individual and the primacy of ideology or long-term plans over structural forces.

Front

The role of the 'Structuralist' or 'Functionalist' school of thought

Back

Contends that historical outcomes were often the result of chaotic bureaucratic structures, cumulative radicalization, and circumstances rather than a premeditated master plan. It emphasizes institutional dynamics over individual agency.

Front

Marxist historiography and its application to 20th Century Conflicts

Back

Interprets history through the lens of class struggle and economic determinism. In the context of 20th-century wars, it argues that conflicts were primarily driven by imperialist competition for resources and markets rather than ideological or diplomatic disagreements alone.

Front

Post-revisionism in Cold War historiography

Back

A synthesis that emerged after the Orthodox (blaming USSR) and Revisionist (blaming USA) schools. It argues that the Cold War was caused by the mutual misperception, miscalculation, and security dilemmas of both superpowers, acknowledging the complexity of the conflict's origins.

Front

Teleology in historical explanation

Back

The fallacy of explaining events solely based on their outcome, assuming the result was inevitable or the sole goal of actors from the start. IB exams penalize arguments that view history as a linear path to a pre-determined end rather than a series of contingencies.